Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

E ighty mice ( Mus musculus ) were ingested with various concentration of powder detergent and the Histopathological changes were measurd of different concentration of Powder detergent by ingesting 80 mice Mus musculus strain (4-8) weeks aged with detergent solutions. mice were divided into (8) groups ,each one composed of (8) mice. The control group (H) were ingested vegetables (celery) only, while the groups (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) were ingested vegetables (celery), which soaked in aqueous solution of Powder detergent with various concentrations of Powder detergent for different times (1.5g/Kg15min, 3g/Kg15min, 4.5g/Kg15min, 1.5g/Kg30min, 3g/Kg30min, 4.5g/Kg30min, 1.5 g/Kg1-2min). The intestine tissue of the exposed mice showed marked Histopathological changes induced in the intestine of mice by detergent included Many intestinal microvilli were ruptured near the tips, lesions of Epithelial cells of microvilli, Elongation of vili, Degeneration, Lymphocyte infiltration, vacuolation and Necrosis. The effects increased by increasing of concentration the detergent solutions Consecutively 4.5g/Kg30min, 3g/Kg30min and 1.5g/Kg30min, were, more than 4.5g/Kg15min, 3g/Kg15min and 1.5g/Kg15min and duration when compared to control (H) group. The results of this research have shown that the detergent is toxic to the mice exposed. the results of the study emphasize healthy hazards of detergent exposure, so needs a proper handling and disposal them during daily life using Finally, it is hoped that the result from this investigation will enlighten people on the health risk posed by detergent.


Introduction
Detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."[1] Detergents are On a large scale used in biochemistry, cell biology or molecular biology.It can be classified for instance according to the chemical structure according of polar and nonpolar group consistants (glucosides, alkyl ionic detergents, polyoxyethylene alcohols, bile salts, sulphonates etc.), the charge character (anionic, cationic, zwitterionic = amphoteric and nonionic) or simply whether they are mild or strong in terms of their solubile ability and / or to denature proteins [2].They all in common have soluble amphipathic (amphiphilic) compounds, with both lipophilic (hydrophobic, nonpolar) and lipophobic (hydrophilic, polar) sites within one molecule [3] .The increasing domestic health risks and environmental pollution arising from detergent exposure are reducing the popularity of benefit [4].Toxic materials cause tissues damage and histophathological degradations in the intestine of animals [5].But most of the health hazards are caused by lack of information on the toxicity of detergents which makes people to handle or Get rid of detergents carelessly [6].Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells.[7] Dissolution of cell membrane bilayers demand a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer [8].Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the effect of oral administration of Detergent on mice intestine.Objective: Evaluate the effect of the treatment with the multiple dose of detergent on the Intestine of the mice .

Materials and Methods
Test substance: Chemical Components of the detergent include surfactants, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, optical brighteners, phosphate, polycarboxylates and enzymes.

Animals management:
Healthy, adult mice of Mus musculus strain were used in this study, ranging age was between (4-8) weeks old and their weight were about (25±2g) .Animals were divided into eight equal groups (each group consisted of 10 mice).These animals were kept in an air condition room at a temperature of (22-24 °c), with about (12-14) hours of day light exposure.Animals were housed in cages measuring (29*15*12cm) and each 10animals were kept in on cage contained wooden shave.Water and feed composed of (bread and vegetables) were freely excess able and animals were kept for at least two weeks for adaptation.Animal cages were cleaned and sterilized with 70% ethanol once a week regularly according to the procedure mentioned by [9].

.Experimental Design:
The detergent management protocol (the concentration, route of administration and interval of administration) was followed according to standard procedure [10] & [11].Mice were divided into eight equal groups; where seven groups o were ingested orally with detergents at the beginning of the week and were autopsied for liver examination after (18 weeks) .While , the control group (H) was ingested orally only with bread and water.

Histological assessment
Intestine tissue were fixed in 10% formalin and were embedded in paraffin .Tissue sections were made at 5mm,mounted on slides, stained with hematoxylineosin (H-E) for general intestine structures examination.The sections were examined using light microscope (Optika-Italy) and photographed with ( I phone 5-camera) according to standard procedures [12].

Result
Previously, it is apparent that the test animal of the present study has Showed that the vital organs were damaged at cellular level due to the effect of detergent.Many intestinal villi were torn near the tips and cellular exudates were also observed.Enlarged mucous cells filled with secretary materials were observed.Proliferations of mucous epithelial cells.The whole cutoff of epithelia became discrete and the mucosal cells were found in a highly disintegratcondition, vacuolation and lesions of Epithelial cells of villi, The effects increased by increasing of concentration and duration when compared to control.Control group that showed histological examination of the intestinal tissue layers involved, Serosa (S1);Subserosa (S2); Submucosa (S3); Muscularis mucosa (M1); Gastric mucosa (M2).

Discussion
Influence of detergent on the exposed mice may be due to the irritation of the Gastrointestinal tract of the mice caused by the ingestion [13].Heigh concentration of detergent reduced the food exhaustion and the weight of animals [8].A study was confirmed that, chronic exposure of detergent also reduced food consumption and lateness the growth of the sea bass larvae [14].However, the result did not observe any important reduction in the growth, [15].Intestine of the Studied mice showed a marked histopathological changes promoted that the detergent has an prejudicial effect on the mice.The histopathological changes were as a result of cytotoxic agents [16] in the detergent solution which caused multi organs injuries.Intestinal metaplasia is associated with the transformation of the stomach lining and in the earlier stages, the replaced epithelium resembles the small intestine [17].There is no acquaintance on the causes of the intestinal metaplastic disorder has been obtained so far [17].
However, medical expert affirm that gastroesophageal bounce disease, a status in which the acid content of stomach could lead to metaplasia of the stomach [18].The result supports research existing that ingestion of detergent solution can cause multi organ damage leading to nervous system disorders, respiratory illness, cancer and death [19,20].The result is in line with reported pathological changes in animal and plant exposed to detergent [21,22].This study did not determine cancer changes which has been suspected by some prospectors [23], probably due to the short duration of the study.Potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate, a most components of soap has been fingered in gastrointestinal commotion leading to nausea, severe digestive tract burns and weight loss in an exposed animal was observed [23,24].Laceration of tips villi observation in the present case may be regarded as a mode of detoxification to get eliminate of intestine; as proposed [25].Another cellular damage including oedema may be associated with the release of acid hydrolases from lysosomes guidance to the autolysis of cell.Spoilage inflicted in mucosa, more especially the villi are of special concern since villus is the working unit of intestine and it is the villi that the inner ends of absorptive cells come in contact with blood and lymph which pick up absorbed nutrient to carry them to other parts of body.The function of villi is so significant and damages at this site in the present case being so severe the extent of disturbances in the intestine can be easily be thought to be due to detergents.It appears that surf has blocked the paracellular pathways which are created at the junctions between intestinal cells for movement of ions and similar water soluble to lamina propia [26], [27].Maciorowski [28] also reported that the effect of anionic surfactant on intestinal damage to Molluscs was reversible.