Study the physical and chemical properties of groundwater in the Al-Alam within the province of Salah al-Din Israa

and chemical properties of the five wells located in Al-Alam aera during the period from October2016 to March 2017. The results clarify monthly variation of above properties. Air and water temperature ranged (9-32) (19-24)C 0 respectively. Turbidity values were between (0.00-3.95) NTU, and electrical conductivity values were (2210-6350) μhs/cm. PH values ranged between (7.2-8.4). Chloride ions valeus were between (12-100) mg/L. The alkalinity values due to bicarbonate were varied between (60351) mg/L. The total hardness, calcium and magnesium were varied between (1480-4600), (760-2000) and (160-2600) mg/L respectively. Nitrate values ranged between (0.200-3.51)μgN-NO3/L.


Introduction
Groundwater can be defined as the part of water trapped in the underground and porous reservoir, in addition to the penetration of rain water into the soil and lower ground layers.Groundwater is one of the important water resources that humanse relied on for thousands years ago, especially in dry and semi-arid regions where millions of people lived on [1].It is characterized by large amount of dissolved salts compared to river water .This can be due to the slow movement of ground water, which dissolves parts of the rocks , through which it passes and to the salts transformed to it.These salts are mainly calcium and magnesium.Mineral content of this water is characteristic that distinguishes it from other surface water .The salt constituents varies according to the geological nature of the area [2] Groundwater was used in rural areas for agricultural purposes, where there is no other water resources available.Groundwater has been increasingly contaminated with human activities [3].The quality of groundwater is a result of interactions of many processes during the hydrological cycle.The quality of the groundwater varies according to the depth, different places and nature of geological formation [4].Groundwater lack of suspended materials due to the infiltration process through which the water pass, therefore, deep well waters are colorless, pure and with stable compositions, compared with less deep well waters.The depth of well waters, and its isolated conditions makes their temperature almost constant or may change only few degrees.This is important in the field of industry and thermodynamics [5].Recent demand of well water in Iraq has decreased, because of the low levels of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the rain drought in the past decates.Groundwater in Iraq has increasingly become important for drinking and irrigation [6].The mian aim of the present study was to evaluate well water quality and suitability for various uses, through investigation of some physical and chemical properties .

Description of study area:
Five wells were selected in rural area of Al-Alam, area at Salah-Al-Deen Governorate.These wells were selected because of the shortage and lack of studies on the groundwater of the area.The study included monthly changes in selected wells which are located east of Tigris river figure (1) shows the situations of the different wells.

Materials and Methods
Sample Collection: Water samples were collected from different wells during the period from October 2016 to March 2017.Physiochemical measurements were performed immediately as follows : 1-Air and water temperature was measured in the field by placing a clean mercury thermometer 2-Turbidity: measured by using Turbidity meter 3-Electrical Conductivity and pH were measured by using (pH-EC meter, HI 9812, Hanna instrument).4-Total Alkalinity: The method of correction with sulfuric acid (N 0.01) was followed by the presence of the orange instance 5 -Total hardness and Ca Hardness was measured with standard N2EDTA (N01,0) with Erichrom Blak-T and Murexide as dry powder respectively [7,8].6 -Chloride Cl -: was measured by correction with standard silver nitrate solution (N 0.0141) with potassium dichromat [8,9] .7. Nitrate measurements were followed by the methods described in APHA [8]

Result and Discussion
Temperature: affect a number of organic, inorganic and chemical constituents of water, as well as the taste .In addition, it acts geochemical and chemical reactions.The temperature has effects on the ability of water to hold oxygen and the resistance of living organisms against certain pollutants [10] .The results of air and water temperatures are shown in table (1).The maximum value temperature of air 32 °C in October at wells 2 and 3 and minimum value of 9 C o in December at the well 4 that the maximum value 23 0 C in well during November and minimum value of water 19° C. Results of the statistical analysis using the analysis of variance showed, significant differences (P≤00.01)for tiem of sampling and significant differences (P≤00.01) between different wells.Therefore, the water can be classified as a warm water, became it exceeded 18 C o .The slight variation of temperature of the groundwater may be related to the distance from where the weather changes on the ground surface .The turbidity: The highest turbidity value was in October in well 2 (3.95) NTU and the lowest value was (0.00) NTU in wells 3 November , well 4 and 5 during January and February, Statistical analysis showed significant temporal and spatial differences (P≤00.01).The results obtained in this work were less than the study of Mahdi [1], In his study, turbidity values ranged (1-70) NTU.This decrease is related to that, the underground water is relatively stagnant.These values are shown in table (2).Chloride: Differences were observed in the values of chloride table (5).The minimum and maximum ranges of the chloride value were (12-100)mg/L.Analysis of variance showed significant temporal differences (P≤00.01)While there were no spatial differences at the different wells during the study period .Alkalinity: The alkalinity ranges of the samples during the study period are shown in table (6).Most carbonate and bicarbonate ion of groundwater are derived from carbon dioxide in the soil [14].The alkalinity values were 60mg/L to 35mg/L.The reason for this could be related to the high rate of organic matter degradation by bacteria and the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2), and this will lead to the formation of bicarbonate [13] .Results were statistical significant (P≤00.05)spatially and non -significant temporal.Total Hardness: indicate towards the concentration of calcium and magnesium, which are able to precipitate when it is heated and affect negatively the solubility of soap in the water [15].The values of total hardness are shown in table (7).The total hardness during the study period ranged 1480mg/L in January in well 5 to4600 mg/L in well 3 during March.The high value in the March may be due to rainfall which cause washing away salts from neighboring soils.Statistical analysis showed significant spatial differences (P≤00.05),and with significant temporal differences (p≤00.01).The water in the study wells considered as very hard water according to table (13).Calicum and Magnesium hardness: Calcium and magnesium ions enter the groundwater through infiltration from minerals like Calcite, Gypsum and Dolomite [14].The maximum value of calcium hardness was 2000mg/L and the minimum value was 760mg/L during October among the different wells .Analysis of variance showed significant spatial difference (P≤00.01).The present results showed that, the ranges calcium hardness during the study period was (720-1900)mg/L.These results were similar to the study of Safawi and others (2008) in their study on well water of the Shrikhan-Kubba region in Nineweh province, where they record a range of (720 -1900) mg/l [16] .Table (9) shows these values.Table (10) shows the values of the magnesium hardness, which were (160-2600) mg/L.Statistical analysis showed significant spatial and temporal differences (p≤00.01).Nitrate: influence greatly plant growth and may have a hazard effect on drinking water of their value exceeded 10ppm [14].Table 12), shows the minimum and maximum values of nitrate, which were (0.200-3.59)ppm.Nitrate concentration depends on many physical and chemical factors in water system, In addition to the discharge from the surrounding agricultural area and the nature of microbiology.Results of the statistical analysis using the analysis of variance showed significant differences (P≤00.01)spatial with no significant temporal differences .

Conclusions
1-It was found that the water of all wells were warm during the study period, The values of the turbidity within the permissible limits of drinking water for all wells during the study period 2.The concentration of chloride within the permissible limits and all wells that it does not cause any danger when used for domestic use.

Well 1 : 2 Well 2 : 4 :
This well is located in Al-Rebbadaa village apopulated area at a depth of 25 m.This well is closed and used for drinking and various daily uses.Is located in the Khazamiyah village at a depth of 15m and it is of the open type and used for crops irrigation.Well3: It is located in the village of samara at a depth of 40 m.The well is of closed type which is used for crops irrigation also.Well The well is at a depth of 65m and it is of closed type and used for irrigation.Well5: Is located at a depth of 80m, and it is of a closed type and used for cattle drinking.

Table ( 2) Monthly and local changes of the turbidity (NTU) for studied wells
[11]trical conductivity EC: is defined the ability of one cm 3 of water to conduct electrical current, at 25 °C.This factor is measured by (μhs/cm) or (Mhs/cm).Conductivity depends on the soluble salts concentration and water temperature[11].The conductivity values in the different wells ranged from 2210 μhs/cm in October to 6350 μhs/cm in December .The results of the present work were close to the

Table ( 3) Monthly and local changes of the EC for studied wells
[13]he pH of the aquatic systems is a good indicator for the water quality and the pollution extend.Values of pH of the present work are shown in table(4).The maximum pH valuhe was found in well 1 during October and was 8.4 and the minimum value was 7.2 in well 3 during March.Analysis of variance showed significant differences in different times and the different wells (P≤00.05).The results of the present study were slightly differ than the study of Ghaeeb[13]on the Physical, Chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Some Wells in Tikrit City, which was(7.49-7.83).

(11)Duncan test of multiple averages by wells -studied sites
3.The general guidelines for classification of hardness water explain that most water in wells is very hard.4. All sites of wells forNO3 was within permissible limits as per WHO for aquatic life.Table